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Thermosets, also called Duroplasts, retain their form even when warming up and, furthermore, the heating of thermosets is part of the production process that hardens them. Also, the hardened thermosets do not melt but are simply destroyed at a certain temperature. As a classical example, the plastic Bakelite belongs to this group. The presence of various reactive groups, that can be used for chemical reactions, carboxylate, phenol, alcohols or others, is important for the reactivity and the properties in adhesive applications. Typical thermosets where lignin can be used are phenolic resins, polyurethanes and epoxies. |
Lignin should be an obvious candidate as a phenol substitute in phenol formaldehyde resins. Recent progresses have been reported with modified lignin powders originating from novel processes (like organosolv pulping and non wood raw materials). These products can replace up to 50% of the phenol formaldehyde resin in adhesives in different application fields of phenolic resins. |
The use of lignin in polyurethane copolymers is exploiting the presence of hydroxyl groups (aliphatic and phenolic). Lignin can be used without any preliminary chemical modification. It then functions as crosslinker or additive (flame retardant) in polyurethane foam. Moreover, lignin oxypropylation can produce liquid polyol mixtures of lower viscosity that are of great interest in polyurethane. |
Epoxy blends are other challenging application, which have already been extensively studied. The latest was reported by a laboratory of IBM for the production of a printed wiring board that had all the required properties. The composition containing lignin, an epoxy resin and an initiator was utilized to prepare prepregs and then processed by conventional methods. |
| A big amount of publications is available on these topics (see references and overview under General Information: R. Malherbe, A. Abächerli 2007, pp. 5). |
A recent topic with several new postings is the possible role of lignin in the furan chemistry as additive to such resins or as a component in the polymerisation of furfuryl alcohol. |
| Running Update |
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Low cost steam exploded Lignin from straw: degradation and use (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 5, Bordeaux 2000
C. Bonini, M. D'Auria - Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy |
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Epoxy resins from Lignin-derived phenols (Poster)
Italic 5 and COST FP0602, Varenna Italy, 2009
Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
D.J. van de Pas, K.M. Torr, and R.H. Newman - Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
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Introduction of tannin extracts in adhesive formulations for fibreboards: evaluation of the potential of tannins from several industrial wood barks (Poster)
Italic5, Varenna, 2009
F. Bertaud, Ch. Balme, M. Petit-Conil - Centre Technique du Papier (CTP), Grenoble, France
S. Tapin-Lingua, M. Petit-Conil - Institute FCBA, Grenoble, France
A. Pizzi - Université de Nancy, Epinal, France
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Enzymatic Lignin modification for resin applications (Proceedings Reprint)
Biorenew project, INTB Ghent 2009
S. Lepifre, P. Bono, A. Abächerli, J.H. Lora - Granit Recherche Développement SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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| Recent Postings |
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The challenge of bio-adhesives for the wood composite industries (Paper)
Biosynergy project 2008, 9th Pacific Rim Symposium, Rotorua, November 2008
E. Papadopoulou, P. Nakos, S. Tsiantzi, E. Athanassiadou - CHIMAR HELLAS S.A., Thessaloniki, Greece
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Composites based on natural resources: lignocelluloses, Lignins and Furans (Paper)
Ecobinders project 2008
N. Popa - SC Fibresin SA of Iasi Calea Chisinaului, Iasi, Romania
R. Todirica, V. I. Popa - Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania
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New aspects concerning formulation of Furan and Lignin-based bio-adhesive (Paper)
Ecobinders project 2008
F. Ciolacu, V.I. Popa - Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania
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| Database |
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Furfuryl alcohol in adhesive systems (Paper)
Ecobinders project 2007, Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 41 (2-3), 119-123
V.I. Popa, E. Ungureanu, T. Todorciuc - Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania
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Performance of two non-wood soda Lignin derivatives in Oriented Strandboard powder phenolic adhesives (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 8, Rome 2007 and Ecobinders project
J.H. Lora - Granit Recherche Développement SA, Switzerland
Q. Wu - Louisiana Forest Products Development Center, USA |
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Oxypropylation of Lignins (Slides)
Oxypropylation of Lignins (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 8, Rome 2007
C.A. Cateto, M.F. Barreiro - Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal
A.E. Rodrigues - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
M.N. Belgacem - École Française de Papeterie et des Industries Graphiques (EFPG-INPG), France |
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Lignin in blends with synthetic polymers (Slides)
Lignin in blends with synthetic polymers (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 8, Rome 2007
D. Feldman, D.Banu - Concordia University, Canada
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Lignin low molar mass fractions involvement in the synthesis of PF matrices (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 8, Rome 2007
N. Gabilondo, C. Pena, A Tejado, J. Labidi, I. Mondragon - University of the Basque Country, Spain
H. Wedin - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Monitoring of Lignin-based polyurethane synthesis by FTIR-ATR (Slides)
Monitoring of Lignin-based polyurethane synthesis by FTIR-ATR (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 7, Barcelona 2005
C.A. Cateto, M.F. Barreiro - Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal
A.E. Rodrigues - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Isocyanate modified Lignins for formulations of Novolac resins (Slides)
Isocyanate modified Lignins for formulations of Novolac resins (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 7, Barcelona 2005
J. Labidi, A. Tejado, G. Kortaberria, I. Mondragon - University of the Basque Country, Spain
J.M. Echeverria - Bakelite Iberica, Hernani, Spain
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Utilisation of Lignin in fiber board gluing (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 6, Wageningen 2003
P. Qvintus-Leino - VTT Processes, Finland |
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Bio-based resins for the manufacture of printed wiring boards (Proceedings Reprint)
ILI Forum 3, Seedorf-Fribourg 1996
Laura L. Kosbar, Jeffrey Gelorme - IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
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