Lignin chemistry and selected applications (Overview paper)
p.10, Internal work for ILI Umbrella 2010
Roger Malherbe, Alfred Abächerli
Among the miscellaneous applications are the production of bulk chemicals (mainly phenols in the case of lignin), preparation of carbon fibers, of activated carbon, but also energy use of lignin (powders or liquified/dissolved lignins for powerplants and mobile engines) and uses of lignin for agglomeration (pelletising aids, dust binder) and as fillers (in polymers, inks, paints and varnishes etc).
The production of bulk chemicals out of lignin needs a depolymerisation process. Candidates are pyrolysis, gasification, catalytic cracking etc. After many studies in the 1980ies and early 1990ies, recently several groups started to work intensely on this topic in the context of new biorefineries. The main challenge is to find ways to increase the processes' selectivity for specific monomers and/or to find ways to efficiently use complex mixtures of different polymers.
The production of carbon fibers from lignin has its basis in studies carried out in 1975 and has led to the current situation whereby carbon fibres from a commercially available kraft lignin, without any chemical modification, by thermal spinning followed by carbonization. This procedure has been adopted commercially with lignin based carbon fibres, Kayacarbon, developed and made commercially available by Nippon Kayaku Co. on a pilot scale. The process involved carbonization of dry-spun fibers from lignin dissolved in an alkali solution with poly(vinyl alcohol) added as a plasticizer. Since then there have been further modifications to the process and multiple work also in the US and Europe. An earlier study which evaluated lignin production from renewable and recycled streams showed that 10% of U.S. lignin is sufficient to produce enough carbon fibre to replace half of the steel in all domestic passenger transport vehicles.
References on the latter topic as well on other miscellaneous uses can be found in Malherbe, p. 10.
Lignin chemistry and selected applications (Overview paper)
p.10, Internal work for ILI Umbrella 2010
Roger Malherbe, Alfred Abächerli
Recent advances in Lignin depolymerization techniques: A comparative overview of traditional and greener approaches (Overview Paper)
Biomass, 2022
Ranen Roy, Md Sajjadur Rahman, Tanvir A. Amit, Balawanthrao Jadhav
New insights into the base catalyzed depolymerization of technical lignins: a systematic comparison (Paper)
RSC Advances, 2023
Rajeesh Kumar Pazhavelikkakath Purushothaman, Gijs van Erven, Daan S. van Es, Leon Rohrbach, Augustinus E. Frissen, Jacco van Haveren, Richard J. A. Gosselink
Recent advances in Lignin depolimerization techniques: A comparative overview of traditional and greener approaches (Overview Paper)
Biomass, 2022
Ranen Roy, Md Sajjadur Rahman, Tanvir A. Amit, Balawanthrao Jadhav
Lignin derived carbon materials: current status and future trends (Overview)
Carbon Research, 2022
Wenli Zhang, Xueqing Qiu, Caiwei Wang, Lei Zhong, Fangbao Fu, Jiahao Zhu, Zejie Zhang, Yanlin Qin, Dongjie Yang, Chunbao Charles Xu
Full Lignin-derived electrospun carbon materials as electrodes for supercapacitors (Paper)
Frontiers in Materials, 2022
Michael W. Thielke, Stiven Lopez Guzman, Jorge Pavel Victoria Tafoya, Esteban García Tamayo, Cristina Isabel Castro Herazo, Omid Hosseinaei, Ana Jorge Sobrido
Performance and economic analysis of Organosolv softwood and herbaceous Lignins to activated carbons as electrode materials in supercapacitors (Paper)
Frontiers in Energy Research, 2022
Lu Yu, Kendhl Seabright, Ishan Bajaj, David J. Keffer, David M. Alonso, Chien-Te Hsieh5, Mi Li, Hao Chen, Sheng Dai, Yasser Ashraf Gandomi, Christos T. Maravelias, David P. Harper
Carbon fibres from Lignin-cellulose precursors (PhD)
PhD at KTH, Sweden, 2019
Andreas Bengtsson
Spinning of Lignin-cellulose carbon-fiber precursors (PhD)
PhD at KTH, Sweden, 2019
Jenny Bengtsson
Lignin-based carbon fiber: a current overview (Paper)
Material Research Express, 2018
F. Souto, V. Calado, N. Pereira Jr.
Lignin-based carbon fiber: a current overview (Paper)
Material Research Express, 2018
F. Souto, V. Calado, N. Pereira Jr.
Enhancing the multi-funtional properties of renewable Lignin carbon fibers via defining the structure-property relationship using different biomass feedstocks (Paper)
Green Chemistry, 2021
Qiang Li, Cheng Hu, Mengjie Li, Phuc Truong, Jinghao Li, Hao-Sheng Lin, Mandar T. Naik, Sisi Xiang, Brian E. Jackson, Winson Kuo, Wenhao Wu, Yunqiao Pu, Arthur J. Ragauskas, Joshua S. Yuan
Structural carbon fibre from Kraft Lignin (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2017, Stockholm, Sweden
D. Baker, M. Sedin, A. Landmer, L. Friman, L. Echardt
Kraft Lignin based carbon fibres (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2017, Stockholm, Sweden
A. Uhlin, M. Akerström, H. Schweinebarth, D. Baker, S. Danielsson, P. Tomani
Carbon fibers from UV-assisted stabilization of Lignin-based precursors (Paper)
Fibers, 2015
M. Zhang, J. Jin, A.A. Ogale
Carbon fibres from Lignin (Proceedings)
Northern Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), Stockholm 2014
E. Sjöholm
Method for stabilizing Lignin fiber for further conversion to carbon fiber (Patent)
WO2013112100, 2013
E. Sjöholm, G. Gellerstedt, R. Drougge, I. Brodin
Lignin based carbon fibres - recent progress (Proceedings Reprint)
Northern Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), Helsinki 2012
E. Sjöholm, R. Drougge
Development of softwood kraft Lignin based carbon fibers (Thesis)
Licentiate Thesis, 2012
Ylva Nordström
Carbon fibers from Kraft Lignin (PhD)
Doctoral Thesis, 2012, KTH Stockholm, Sweden
Ida Norberg
Lignin for carbon fibres (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
Y. Nordström, E. Sjöholm, I. Brodin, R. Drougge, G. Gellerstedt
The wood-based biorefinery: A source of carbon fiber? (Paper)
The Open Agriculture Journal, 2010
G. Gellerstedt, E. Sjöholm, I. Brodin
Chemical properties and themal behaviour of Kraft Lignin (PhD)
Carbon Fibre p.22, Licentiate Thesis, 2009, KTH Stockholm, Sweden
Ida Brodin
Characteristics of Lignin blends intended for carbon fibre production (Proceedings Reprint)
European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP), 2008, Stockholm, Sweden
Ida Brodin, G. Gellerstedt, Elisabeth Sjöholm
Lignin and cellulose precursors for novel carbon fibre production (Proceedings)
14th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP), Grenoble, France, 2016
C. Rossberg, M. Leschinsky, R. Janzon, B. Saake
Preparation of carbon adsorbents from technical Lignins by phosphoric acid activation (Proceedings)
Northern Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), Stockholm 2014
A.M. Puziy, M. Myglovets, O.I. Poddubnaya, O. Sevastyanova, M. E. Lindström, B. Gawdzik, M. Sobiesiak
Carbonised adsorbents from softwood kraft Lignin (Proceedings)
Northern Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), Stockholm 2014
J. Li
Lignin depolymerization: a comparison of methods to analyze monomers and oligomers (Paper)
ChemSusChem, 2020
Erika Bartolomeia, Yann Le Brecha, Anthony Dufoura, Vincent Carreb, Frédéric Aubriet, Evan Terrellc, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Philippe Arnoux
Lignin depolymerization: a comparison of methods to analyze monomers and oligomers (Paper)
ChemSusChem, 2020
Erika Bartolomeia, Yann Le Brecha, Anthony Dufoura, Vincent Carreb, Frédéric Aubriet, Evan Terrellc, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Philippe Arnoux
From Lignins to aromatic synthons by base catalysed degradation in continuous reactors - a tentative review (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2012, Helsinki, Finland
D. Schmiedl, S. Endisch, D. Rückert
Two-step approach for the conversion of kraft lignin into aromatic chemicals using acidic oxidation followed by hydrogenolysis (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
T. Pielhop, H. Werhan, Ph. R. von Rohr
Catalytic pyrolysis of lignin for the production of high added value chemicals and fuels (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
K. Kalogiannis, S. Stefanidis, A.A. Lappas, M. Stöcker, L. Hannevold, I. Spjelkavik, F. Öhman
Lignin extraction, purification and depolymerization study (PhD)
PhD 2012, p.99 Lignin depolymerization
A. Toledano
Reductive depolymerization of Kraft Lignin for chemicals and fuels using formic acid as a in-situ hydrogen source (PhD)
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository, 2014
Shanhua Huang, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
Lignin depolymerization under flowing hydrogen (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
A. Gohrbandt, J. Appelt, M. Bremer, S. Fischer
A process for the complete valorization of Lignin into aromatic chemicals based on acidic oxidation (PhD)
Dissertation, 2013
H. Werhan
Acidic oxidation of kraft Lignin into aromatic monomers catalyzed by transition metal salts (Paper)
Holzforschung, 2011
H. Werhan, J.M. Mir, T. Voitl, P.R. von Rohr
Value chain for production of bio-oil from Kraft Lignin for use as bio-jet fuel (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2017, Stockholm, Sweden
M. Anheden, A. Uhlin, J. Wolf, M. Hedberg, R. Berg, T. Anker
Lignin as alternative reinforcing filler in the rubber industry: a review (Paper)
Frontiers in Materials, 2020
Nor Anizah Mohamad Aini , Nadras Othman, M. Hazwan Hussin, Kannika Sahakaro, Nabil Hayeemasae
Lignin as alternative reinforcing filler in the rubber industry: a review (Paper)
Frontiers in Materials, 2020
Nor Anizah Mohamad Aini , Nadras Othman, M. Hazwan Hussin, Kannika Sahakaro, Nabil Hayeemasae
Valorization of Lignin by fractionating its oxidation products using organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) (Poster)
12th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP), Helsinki 2012
H. Werhan, A. Farshori and Ph.R. von Rohr
Catalytic oxidation of Kraft Lignin by aqueous polyoxometalates
Italic 5 and COST FP0602, Varenna Italy, 2009
H. Werhan, T. Voitl, P. R. von Rohr
Lignin conversion into biobased chemicals (Slides)
BioEnergy IV: Innovations in Biomass Conversion for Heat, Power, Fuels and Chemicals, 2013
P. Palmisano, A. Bogliano
Fast catalytic pyrolysis of Lignin (Proceedings Reprint)
Northern Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), Helsinki 2012
Dong Jin Suh, Chang Soo Kim, R. Dhimas D.P
LIBRA, a novel pyrolysis-based Lignin biorefinery approach for the production of phenolic chemicals and biochar (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
P.J. de Wild, W.J.J. Huijgen, R.R. van der Laan, J.W. van Hal, C.M. Daza, Montano, J.H. Reith, H. den Uil
Lignin pyrolysis for profitable lignocellulosic biorefineries (Paper)
Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining (Biofpr), 2014
P.J. de Wild, W.J.J. Huijgen, R.J.A. Gosselink
Pyrolysis of wheat straw-derived organosolv Lignin (Paper)
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012
P.J. de Wild, W.J.J. Huijgen, H.J. Heeres
Lignin depolymerization under supercritical process conditions (Poster)
LignoValue project and Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2008, Stockholm, Sweden
R.J.A. Gosselink, E. de Jong, E. Scott and J. Sanders
Lignin depolymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide/acetone/water fluid for the production of aromatic chemicals (PhD)
p.125-144, in PhD Thesis 2011: Lignin as a renewable aromatic resource for the chemical industry
R. Gosselink
Developing solvolytic conversion of Lignin-to-Liquid (LtL) fuel components: Optimization of quality and process factors (Paper)
Cellulose chemistry and technology (CCT) 2011
M. Kleinert, J.R. Gasson, A.-M. Hilmen, T. Barth, I. Eide
Fast pyrolysis of Lignin - Aston Round Robin results (Poster)
ILI Workshop, Zürich/Dübendorf 2008
M.E. Gyftopoulou, D.J. Nowakowski, G. Jiang, A.V. Bridgwater
Biomass Pyrolysis for Chemicals (PhD)
PhD 2011
P.J. de Wild
Activated carbon from renewable resources - Lignin (Paper)
Cellulose chemistry and technology (CCT) 2011
S. Ragan, N. Megonnell - Jacobi Carbons Inc.
Comparison of four technical Lignins as a resource for electrically conductive carbon particles (Paper)
Bioresources, 2019
J. Köhnke, P. Solt, F. Liebner, W. Gindl-Altmutter, N. Gierlinger, B. P. Mateu
Preparation of activated carbon from Lignin obtained by straw pulping by KOH and K2CO3 chemical activation (Paper)
Cellulose chemistry and technology (CCT) 2012
X.-J. Jin, Z.-M. Yu, Y. Wu
Carbonisation of particles from organosolv Lignin (Proceedings)
14th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP), Grenoble, France, 2016
J. Köhnke, S. Veigel, G. Emsenhuber, F. Liebner, W. Gindl, C. Fürst, A. raj Mahendran, H. Rennhofer, H.C. Lichtenegger, J. Keckes
Lignin as a green alternative for bitumen (Proceedings)
6th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 2016
D. van Vliet, T. Slaghek, C. Giezen, I. Haaksman
Kraft Lignin depolymerization in near-critical water: effect of changing co-solvent (Proceedings)
Northern Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), Stockholm 2014
T. Belkheiri, L. Vamling, L., L. Olausson
An integrated process to produce vanillin and Lignin-based polyurethanes from Kraft Lignin (Paper)
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2009
C.A. Cateto, M.F. Barreiro
Catalytic hydroprocessing of Lignin under thermal and ultrasound conditions (Paper)
Catalysis today, 2012
Kenneth B.H. Finch, Ryan M. Richards, Aurore Richel, Andrei V. Medvedovici, Marian Verziu, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu
Lignin valorisation by (catalytic) fast pyrolysis
ILI Workshop, Zürich/Dübendorf 2008 and LignoValue project
P.J. de Wild
Production of dimethyl sulfoxide from Lignin (Paper)
CHE-397, Spring 2010
J. Biberstein, S. Das, J. Umbach, R. Boyer, K. Sutton, M. Czepizak
New insights into the base catalyzed depolymerization of technical lignins: a systematic comparison (Paper)
RSC Advances, 2023
Rajeesh Kumar Pazhavelikkakath Purushothaman, Gijs van Erven, Daan S. van Es, Leon Rohrbach, Augustinus E. Frissen, Jacco van Haveren, Richard J. A. Gosselink
Lignin derived carbon materials: current status and future trends (Overview)
Carbon Research, 2022
Wenli Zhang, Xueqing Qiu, Caiwei Wang, Lei Zhong, Fangbao Fu, Jiahao Zhu, Zejie Zhang, Yanlin Qin, Dongjie Yang, Chunbao Charles Xu
Full Lignin-derived electrospun carbon materials as electrodes for supercapacitors (Paper)
Frontiers in Materials, 2022
Michael W. Thielke, Stiven Lopez Guzman, Jorge Pavel Victoria Tafoya, Esteban García Tamayo, Cristina Isabel Castro Herazo, Omid Hosseinaei, Ana Jorge Sobrido
Performance and economic analysis of Organosolv softwood and herbaceous Lignins to activated carbons as electrode materials in supercapacitors (Paper)
Frontiers in Energy Research, 2022
Lu Yu, Kendhl Seabright, Ishan Bajaj, David J. Keffer, David M. Alonso, Chien-Te Hsieh5, Mi Li, Hao Chen, Sheng Dai, Yasser Ashraf Gandomi, Christos T. Maravelias, David P. Harper
Recent advances in Lignin depolymerization techniques: A comparative overview of traditional and greener approaches (Overview Paper)
Biomass, 2022
Ranen Roy, Md Sajjadur Rahman, Tanvir A. Amit, Balawanthrao Jadhav
Enhancing the multi-funtional properties of renewable Lignin carbon fibers via defining the structure-property relationship using different biomass feedstocks (Paper)
Green Chemistry, 2021
Qiang Li, Cheng Hu, Mengjie Li, Phuc Truong, Jinghao Li, Hao-Sheng Lin, Mandar T. Naik, Sisi Xiang, Brian E. Jackson, Winson Kuo, Wenhao Wu, Yunqiao Pu, Arthur J. Ragauskas, Joshua S. Yuan
Lignin as alternative reinforcing filler in the rubber industry: a review (Paper)
Frontiers in Materials, 2020
Nor Anizah Mohamad Aini , Nadras Othman, M. Hazwan Hussin, Kannika Sahakaro, Nabil Hayeemasae
Lignin depolymerization: a comparison of methods to analyze monomers and oligomers (Paper)
ChemSusChem, 2020
Erika Bartolomeia, Yann Le Brecha, Anthony Dufoura, Vincent Carreb, Frédéric Aubriet, Evan Terrellc, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Philippe Arnoux
Carbon fibres from Lignin-cellulose precursors (PhD)
PhD at KTH, Sweden, 2019
Andreas Bengtsson
Spinning of Lignin-cellulose carbon-fiber precursors (PhD)
PhD at KTH, Sweden, 2019
Jenny Bengtsson
Comparison of four technical Lignins as a resource for electrically conductive carbon particles (Paper)
Bioresources, 2019
J. Köhnke, P. Solt, F. Liebner, W. Gindl-Altmutter, N. Gierlinger, B. P. Mateu
Lignin-based carbon fiber: a current overview (Paper)
Material Research Express, 2018
F. Souto, V. Calado, N. Pereira Jr.
Value chain for production of bio-oil from Kraft Lignin for use as bio-jet fuel (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2017, Stockholm, Sweden
M. Anheden, A. Uhlin, J. Wolf, M. Hedberg, R. Berg, T. Anker
Structural carbon fibre from Kraft Lignin (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2017, Stockholm, Sweden
D. Baker, M. Sedin, A. Landmer, L. Friman, L. Echardt
Kraft Lignin based carbon fibres (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2017, Stockholm, Sweden
A. Uhlin, M. Akerström, H. Schweinebarth, D. Baker, S. Danielsson, P. Tomani
Lignin as a green alternative for bitumen (Proceedings)
6th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 2016
D. van Vliet, T. Slaghek, C. Giezen, I. Haaksman
Reductive depolymerization of Kraft Lignin for chemicals and fuels using formic acid as a in-situ hydrogen source (PhD)
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository, 2014
Shanhua Huang, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
Lignin and cellulose precursors for novel carbon fibre production (Proceedings)
14th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP), Grenoble, France, 2016
C. Rossberg, M. Leschinsky, R. Janzon, B. Saake
Carbonisation of particles from organosolv Lignin (Proceedings)
14th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp (EWLP), Grenoble, France, 2016
J. Köhnke, S. Veigel, G. Emsenhuber, F. Liebner, W. Gindl, C. Fürst, A. raj Mahendran, H. Rennhofer, H.C. Lichtenegger, J. Keckes
Production of dimethyl sulfoxide from Lignin (Paper)
CHE-397, Spring 2010
J. Biberstein, S. Das, J. Umbach, R. Boyer, K. Sutton, M. Czepizak
Carbon fibers from UV-assisted stabilization of Lignin-based precursors (Paper)
Fibers, 2015
M. Zhang, J. Jin, A.A. Ogale
Lignin pyrolysis for profitable lignocellulosic biorefineries (Paper)
Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining (Biofpr), 2014
P.J. de Wild, W.J.J. Huijgen, R.J.A. Gosselink
A process for the complete valorization of Lignin into aromatic chemicals based on acidic oxidation (PhD)
Dissertation, 2013
H. Werhan
Method for stabilizing Lignin fiber for further conversion to carbon fiber (Patent)
WO2013112100, 2013
E. Sjöholm, G. Gellerstedt, R. Drougge, I. Brodin
Upscaling of the lignin-to-liquid solvolytic conversion to 5-L scale (Proceedings)
Northern Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), Stockholm 2014
T. Barth, S. Ghoreshi and H. Derribsa
Assessment on phenolic profile of hawthorn (Crateagus spp.) (Proceedings Reprint)
Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
V. I. Popa, I. Ignat, I. Volf
Potential lignin products from the wood biorefinery (Proceedings Reprint)
Activated Carbon, p. 154, Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), 2011, Stockholm, Sweden
K. Lindgren, F. Alvarado, K. Olander, F. Öhman
Acidic oxidation of Kraft Lignin and Lignosulphonates (Poster)
ILI Workshop, Zürich/Dübendorf 2008
T. Voitl, P. R. von Rohr
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